Fact Sheets
The AMS website is often the first port of call for patients. With this in mind we have decided to create a set of fact sheets for patients, as companion sheets to the popular videos, and the other more detailed AMS Information Sheets.
Menopause what are the symptoms?
Menopause at a glance
- Every woman is affected by menopause in some way – either they experience symptoms or other physical changes.
- The average age of menopause is 51 years but you can enter menopause earlier.
- Hormonal changes cause menopausal symptoms.
- Most women will have some symptoms.
- Most women have symptoms for 5 to 10 years.
Menopause occurs when you have not had a menstrual period for 12 months. Menopause is a natural part of life occurring at around age 51 years but can also happen for other reasons.
Menopause What are the symptoms141.47 KB
Menopause and bone health – decreasing the risk of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a common condition whereby individuals have weakened bones that can break (fracture) easily.- Oestrogen plays an important role in maintaining bone strength, with peak bone mass reached at around 30 years of age. During the time of menopause, oestrogen levels drop and bone loss occurs.
- Half of women 60 years of age or older have lower than normal bone density (osteopenia), while approximately one quarter have the more severe bone loss seen in osteoporosis.
- Women who have undergone a premature menopause (menopause before age 40) are at higher risk of osteoporosis.
- Your doctor can assess your risk for osteoporosis and refer you for a bone density scan.
Menopause and bone health - decreasing the risk of osteoporosis142.03 KB
Menopause and the workplace
Main points
- Addressing menopause in the workplace can benefit both the organisation and employees with menopausal symptoms affecting their work
- Collaborating with employees and including menopausal health in policies can improve an inclusive organisational culture and avoid discrimination against employees with menopausal symptoms
- Workplaces can make changes to policies and the environment to support employees with symptoms
- Managers can promote discussions with employees who are open to discussing how their symptoms are impacting their work
- Managers can suggest workplace adjustments and occupational advice for employees to access strategies to improve their work experience
- Employees can speak with healthcare professionals about treatment options and self-help strategies for their symptoms
AMS Menopause and the workplace104.66 KB
Menopause and mental health
Main Points
- Women going through the menopausal transition are at a higher risk of mood changes and symptoms of depression and anxiety
- Common physical, emotional and cognitive issues related to menopause can complicate and overlap with mental health symptoms
- Stress related to life circumstances can also complicate understanding whether changes in mood and mental health are related to menopause
- Having an open discussion about your symptoms, life circumstances and mental health history can assist your doctor in offering suitable treatment options and lifestyle changes
- Therapies proven for the broader population are also suitable for mental health symptoms related to menopause – medication, psychological therapy and lifestyle changes
AMS Menopause and mental health95 KB
Non-hormonal treatment options for menopausal symptoms
Main points
- Your doctor can suggest prescription medication options for your menopausal symptoms if you are unable to or do not want to use menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).
- Prescription medication options can help with hot flushes, sweatsand changes in mood and sleep patterns.
- Specific antidepressants and epilepsy medications can help with menopausal symptoms in many women.
- A blood pressure drug (clonidine) can give relief for some women with milder symptomsDownload
Non-hormonal treatment options for menopausal symptoms130.06 KB
What is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and is it safe?
Main points
- MHT (also known as Hormone Replacement Therapy or HRT) covers a range of hormonal treatments that can reduce menopausal symptoms.
- MHT is the most effective way to control menopausal symptoms while also giving other health benefits.
- MHT is safe to use for most women in their 50s or for the first 10 years after the onset of menopause.
- The risk for blood clots, stroke and breast cancer while taking MHT are very small.
- Different types of MHT are associated with different risks. Your doctor can work with you to reduce your risk by using different hormonal treatment options.
Download What is Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and is it safe?95.41 KB
Will menopause affect my sex life?
Main Points
- If your sex life is good before menopause, it is likely to remain good after menopause.
- Sexual wellbeing is complex and many other personal factors in your life could be involved.
- Vaginal dryness can be treated with creams and lubricant.
- Hormonal treatments include oestrogen or testosterone therapy but only use testosterone designed for women.
- Your doctor, a pelvic health physiotherapist or a counsellor may need to work with you to look at the many factors that might be affecting your sexual wellbeing.
Download AMS Will menopause affect my sex life?100.03 KB
Complementary medicines and therapies: options for menopausal symptoms
Main Points
- Complementary medicine is used to describe a wide range of healthcare medicines, therapies (forms of treatment that do not involve medicines) and other products that are not generally considered as part of conventional medicine.
- Some complementary medicines may help with mild symptoms, but overall more evidence is needed.
- To assure safety, ideally complementary medicines should be prescribed by a health professional trained in their use.
- Always inform your doctor if you are using complementary medicines, and ensure your health practitioner has checked for any interactions that might affect other medications.
- Avoid buying online products – their safety cannot be guaranteed.
- Bioidentical compounded hormone therapies cannot be recommended because their safety is unknown.
- No complementary medicine is as effective as oestrogen therapy for menopausal symptoms.
Download: AMS Complementary Therapies Fact Sheet87.77 KB
Bioidentical Hormone Therapy
Main Points
- The Australasian Menopause Society does not recommend the use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy in any form.
- Many pharmaceutical-grade, approved menopause hormone therapies (MHTs) prescribed by your doctor are ‘bodyidentical’– i.e.they contain hormones identical to those produced in the human body.
- Compounded bioidentical hormones (BHTs) are not more ‘natural’ – even when made from plants, they must be chemically synthesised in a laboratory.
- Compounded BHTs are not tested for quality, safety and negative side effects and they have been associated with cases of endometrial cancer.
- There is no evidence that compounded BHTs are effective and safe to use.
Download AMS Compounded Bioidentical HT89.17 KB
Lifestyle and behaviour changes for menopausal symptoms
Main Points
- Many women wonder if lifestyle and behaviour changes can help with menopausal symptoms.
- Studies have shown mixed results for lifestyle changes, so speak with your doctor if you have any questions.
- Maintaining healthy weight might be helpful as there is evidence that weight gain can increase the severity of menopausal symptoms.
- Some evidence suggests yoga can help menopausal symptoms. Other activities such as exercising, breathing and relaxation practices or controlling environmental temperature might not necessarily help your symptoms, but they can help with your overall sense of wellbeing.
- Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) can improve wellbeing and decrease the impact of menopausal symptoms.
- Hypnosis might give you some benefit, but there is no evidence that acupuncture, magnetic therapy, reflexology or chiropractic interventions help menopausal symptoms.
AMS Lifestyle and behaviour changes for menopausal symptoms92.27 KB
Suggested strategies to optimise sleep
The strategies included may or may not work for you. Perhaps choose one suggestion that you aren’t currently doing and stick with it for several weeks.
- Wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends. When opening your eyes after waking, light reaches the part of the brain responsible for keeping your internal clock regular. This daily dose of light at the same time will signal this is the end of sleep and help maintain the same sleep pattern each day. If you can, expose yourself to morning sunlight by having your coffee outside or by taking your dog out for a walk.
- Avoid looking at screens before bedtime and when you wish to be asleep. The backlight from phones, tablets and laptops can signal to the part of your brain that controls the sleep/wake cycle that this is morning sunlight. This can wake you up further...
AMS Suggested strategies to optimise sleep154.48 KB
9 myths and misunderstandings about Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)
Main Points
- Many of the myths about MHT come from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) studies of 2002 and 2004. New information about MHT means doctors better understand the risks and benefits of MHT.
- MHT is the best way to control menopausal symptoms and gives some women health benefits.
- Combined MHT (oestrogen plus progestogen) or oestrogen alone cause no significant increase in breast cancer or heart disease risk in women aged 50 to 59 or in women who start treatment within 10 years of menopause.
9 myths and misunderstandings about Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)90.28 KB
Early menopause – chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Main Points
- Chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer and other conditions can cause temporary or permanent loss of your menstrual periods and menopause.
- Before the age of 40, this is known as premature ovarian insufficiency (POI).
- Between the ages of 40 and 45, this is known as early menopause.
- Early menopause and POI can cause infertility and have short- and long-term health consequences such as heart disease, osteoporosis and memory problems.
- Some women who have chemotherapy remain fertile, so it is important to use contraception if you do not want to become pregnant or if your doctor advises you that it is not safe to become pregnant.
- Speak with your doctor about treatments and other options to manage any infertility and long-term health consequences.
Early menopause – chemotherapy and radiation therapy98.70 KB
Maintaining your weight and health during and after menopause
Main Points
- Weight gain during and after menopause has more to do with your lifestyle and the changes of ageing than with hormonal changes of menopause.
- The hormonal changes of menopause can cause fat to settle in your abdomen rather than your hips, thighs and buttocks.
- Menopausal Hormone Treatment (MHT) does not cause weight gain and can reduce the abdominal fat caused by menopause.
- Menopause is a great time to visit your doctor,assess your overall health and make changes to improve your lifestyle and health.
- Eating a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, stopping smoking and drinking less alcohol will help you to maintain a healthy weight beyond menopause.
Maintaining your weight and health during and after menopause98.50 KB
Vaginal Laser Therapy
Main Points
- Vaginal laser is a new treatment being offered for some menopausal symptoms
- There is insufficient high quality evidence for its safety and benefits
- Vaginal oestrogen is safe and effective and can be used by most women
- Vaginal laser for menopausal symptoms is not approved by regulatory authorities in Australia and the USA
Decreasing the risk of falls and fractures before, during and after menopause
Main Points
- Falls and fractures can happen at any age, but the risk increases as women age.
- Falls in older people are more likely to cause more severe injuries.
- Low bone density, low muscle strength and poor balance are more likely as women age and increase the risk of falls.
- Improving your bone health can also help decrease the risk of falls and decrease the severity of any injuries or other consequences if you do fall.
- Appropriate physical activity can help decrease several fall risk factors.
- Speak with your doctor, assess your overall health and make changes to decrease your risk of a fall.
Decreasing the risk of falls and fractures before, during and after menopause67.29 KB
Urinary Incontinence in Women
Main Points
- Urinary incontinence is common in women
- Women can have stress or urge incontinence or a mixture of both
- Learning how to contract pelvic floor muscles correctly can help treat stress incontinence. Some women may need surgery
- Bladder training and vaginal oestrogen can assist with urge incontinence
AMS Urinary Incontinence in Women116.21 KB
Content updated March 2025