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AMS Sexual difficulties in the menopause480.24 KB
Sexual response and therefore sexual difficulty can refer to desire, arousal, orgasm or pain with intercourse. Although these are classified as separate elements in sexual response, they become inextricably linked when dysfunction occurs. A clinical history should attempt to define what may be the initiating and maintaining problems.
Low libido refers to diminished desire for sex. When clinically a problem it is referred to as hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Low libido is the most common sexual concern reported by women and is often inseparable from diminished capacity to become aroused. More recently HSDD has been merged with female sexual arousal disorders and re-named 'female sexual interest-arousal disorder' (FSIAD), which remains primarily based on sexual desire (1). It is still reasonable to talk about HSDD or simply loss of libido. Other common sexual concerns for women include delayed / inability to achieve an orgasm and vaginal pain, often due to vaginal dryness.
Sexual difficulties can be life-long or recently acquired, but they are a common presentation at the menopause. They may also be situational (limited to certain types of stimulation, situations, or partners) or generalized.
Hormones are rarely the only factor involved in desire-arousal problems and other factors need to be identified and addressed (2). These might include relationship issues, psychological factors, side effects of common medications, such as antidepressants, or health issues such as diabetes. Women often say that the physical changes that occur with ageing and/or menopause make them feel more self-conscious about their body, particularly in relation to sex. Other changes in a woman's life, such as a partner's midlife issues (including erectile dysfunction), teenagers in the house or leaving home, and parents dying or requiring care will affect sexual function.
Longstanding sexual problems may be linked to past emotional abuse as well as sexual abuse. It may also be associated with religious or cultural factors. It is important to ask your patient about current and past sexual and emotional abuse.
For many women, decreased libido/lowered arousal is not seen as a problem in their lives. These issues only need to be addressed when they cause personal concern/distress. Nonetheless not all concerned women will feel confident to raise the issue of sexual problems. Therefore it is always useful to provide patients with the opportunity to do so by asking a general question such as "Do you have any concerns of difficulties related to sexual activity?"
A useful reference for both women and their partners is the book "Where Did My Libido Go?" by Dr Rosie King.
Hormones and sexual function
Oestrogen
Studies of sexual function over the menopausal transition have identified that declining sexual function correlates with falling oestradiol and not with testosterone, as well as with partner relationships (3). MHT containing oestrogen and progestin has been shown to improve sexual functioning and sexual thoughts, independent of its effect on vasomotor symptoms (4, 5).
The decline in oestrogen at menopause results in a reduction in vaginal secretions and in vaginal dryness, making intercourse uncomfortable or even painful. Management of this with a vaginal oestrogen preparation can reduce dryness and pain during intercourse (6). Non-hormonal vaginal moisturizers are an alternative but may be less effective. Lubricants can also help. Menopausal symptoms which result in sleep disturbance and fatigue, will also have an impact on a woman's libido (7-9). Systemic, oestrogen-containing MHT can improve sexual function, including libido (10, 11).
Testosterone
There is a physiological decline in testosterone with age that is unrelated to natural menopause (12). Ovarian testosterone production begins to decline from when women are in their mid twenties, so that by the time most women are in their forties their blood testosterone levels are half of what they were in their younger years. However, large cross-sectional studies across pre- and post-menopausal women have failed to find a significant correlation between serum testosterone and self-reported sexual function (13, 14). In women with intact ovaries and adrenals there is no such entity as "androgen deficiency" and this "diagnosis" should be avoided.
The menopausal ovary continues to produce androgens. Available testosterone (measured by the free androgen index) does not decline and even rises marginally over the menopausal transition (15). However, bilateral oophorectomy does cause an approximate 50% reduction in the level of testosterone, which may contribute to deterioration of sexual desire, particularly in younger women who undergo surgical menopause (12).
Treating sexual dysfunction
Psychology and lifestyle
- Ask about the relationship, particularly stresses and tensions in the relationship and the partner's sexual function. Possibly recommend relationship counselling
- Address general health issues, particularly factors that commonly cause fatigue such as iron deficiency and abnormal thyroid function
- Address lifestyle issues and ways of reducing fatigue and stress, including workplace stress
- Any depression or anxiety issues need to be dealt with.
- Some drugs, especially anti-depressants, can impair sexual responsiveness, although certain antidepressants such as agomelatine, bupropion and mirtazapine may have less effect. Discuss this with your patient and the prescribing doctor.
- Consider referral to a psychologist specialising in the management of sexual difficulties
Oestrogen
- Start with optimising oestrogen therapy
- Treat vaginal dryness with local oestrogen. Vaginal moisturisers and lubricants may also be effective but their action is temporary (16)
- Systemic oestrogen-containing menopausal hormone therapy (MHT): Studies suggest that maintenance of libido may require more oestrogen than elimination of vaginal dryness (3)
- Tibolone may be more effective in treating low libido than conventional MHT (17, 18) (see other AMS information sheets).
- Some forms of oral oestrogen such as MHT tablets or the oral contraceptive pill can reduce free testosterone by increasing SHBG, so a trial off the oral contraceptive pill or changing to a non-oral MHT should be considered if low libido/arousal is a problem.
Testosterone
- Endogenous testosterone levels do not predict response to therapy and not every woman with a low testosterone level has low libido.
- A trial of testosterone therapy may be appropriate for some women whose symptoms do not improve on MHT alone.
- A blood testosterone level should be measured prior to starting any testosterone therapy so that women with normal to high levels are not inappropriately treated
- There is evidence for short-term efficacy and safety of physiological doses of testosterone treatment of postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction due to hypoactive sexual desire disorder. (19)
- Formulations of androgens for the treatment of male hypogonadism should never be used
- Testosterone levels should be checked 3–6 weeks after initiation of therapy and every 6 months thereafter to assess for signs of excess dose or androgenic side-effects.
- Treatment should be ceased in women who have not responded to treatment by 6 months.
- Safety and efficacy data for testosterone therapy in women are not available beyond 24 months. The available evidence does not indicate any adverse cardiovascular or metabolic effect of transdermal testosterone therapy. The long-term safety of exogenous testosterone is unknown. In particular, the effects on heart disease and breast cancer are unknown.
Side effects of testosterone
The most commonly reported side effects are mild acne and increased hair growth, which indicate that the dose being used is too high. Less common side effects at low doses are weight gain and fluid retention. Serious side effects (rare at low doses) are clitoral enlargement and voice deepening and these can be permanent. No long term safety studies have been conducted.
Who should not use testosterone?
Women who are being treated for hormone related acne, excess body hair or balding (androgenic alopecia) should not use testosterone. Testosterone should not be used by women who have been diagnosed with a hormone dependent cancer, such as breast cancer. Professional singers should also not use testosterone due to the rare but irreversible effect on the voice.
Testosterone formulations appropriate for use in women
The only form of testosterone potentially appropriate for use in women available in Australia is a TGA registered 1% testosterone cream on a private prescription. It is applied daily to the skin of the upper thigh/ lower torso daily. The dose should be titrated according to effects and blood levels. Although a 2% strength is available, it is for use in men and results in testosterone levels approaching the male range and thus it should not be used by women. Compounded testosterone formulations have unreliable constituent strength and should not be used.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Because the physiological mechanisms for genital arousal in men and women are similar, several studies exploring the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i), in particular sildenafil, v placebo have been conducted. There is significant heterogeneity between studies and many are very small numbers. The largest study by Basson et al found no subjective difference in sexual function between placebo and sildenafil. However, smaller studies in subgroups have found improved arousal with PDE5i in women with spinal cord injury, and improvement in orgasm with PDE5i in patients on SSRI antidepressant medication (20, 21).
Further reading
Sexual well-being after menopause: an International Menopause Society White Paper
https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/position-statements/1246-sexual-well-being-after-menopause-ims-white-paper
Global consensus statement on testosterone therapy for women: an Australian perspective
https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2020/213/10/global-consensus-statement-testosterone-therapy-women-australian-perspective
Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/104/10/4660/5556103
Testosterone use in postmenopausal women
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13697137.2020.1796961
References
1. American Psychiatric Publishing. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA, USA 2013.
2. Appa AA, Creasman J, Brown JS, Van Den Eeden SK, Thom DH, Subak LL, et al. The impact of multimorbidity on sexual function in middle-aged and older women: beyond the single disease perspective. J Sex Med. 2014 Nov;11(11):2744-55.
3. Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Burger H. The relative effects of hormones and relationship factors on sexual function of women through the natural menopausal transition. Fertil Steril. 2005 Jul;84(1):174-80.
4. Welton AJ, Vickers MR, Kim J, Ford D, Lawton BA, MacLennan AH, et al. Health related quality of life after combined hormone replacement therapy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2008;337:a1190.
5. Maki PM, Gast MJ, Vieweg AJ, Burriss SW, Yaffe K. Hormone therapy in menopausal women with cognitive complaints: a randomized, double-blind trial. Neurology. 2007 Sep 25;69(13):1322-30.
6. Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(4):CD001500.
7. Avis NE, Brockwell S, Randolph JF, Jr., Shen S, Cain VS, Ory M, et al. Longitudinal changes in sexual functioning as women transition through menopause: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause. 2009 May-Jun;16(3):442-52.
8. Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Burger H. Are changes in sexual functioning during midlife due to aging or menopause? Fertil Steril. 2001 Sep;76(3):456-60.
9. Lonnee-Hoffmann RAM, Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Szoeke C. Sexual function in the late postmenopause: a decade of follow-up in a population-based cohort of Australian women. J Sex Med. 2014 Aug;11(8):2029-38.
10. Nastri CO, Lara LA, Ferriani RA, Rosa-E-Silva ACJS, Figueiredo JBP, Martins WP. Hormone therapy for sexual function in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD009672.
11. Martins WP, Lara LA, Ferriani RA, Rosa-E-Silva AC, Figueiredo JB, Nastri CO. Hormone therapy for female sexual function during perimenopause and postmenopause: a Cochrane review. Climacteric. 2014 Apr;17(2):133-5.
12. Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR. Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(7):3847-53.
13. Davis SR, Davison SL, Donath S, Bell RJ. Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women. JAMA. 2005;294(1):91-6.
14. Santoro N, Torrens J, Crawford S, Allsworth JE, Finkelstein JS, Gold EB, et al. Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: the study of women's health across the nation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4836-45.
15. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Cui J, Dennerstein L, Hopper JL. A prospective longitudinal study of serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels through the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(8):2832-8.
16. Edwards D, Panay N. Treating vulvovaginal atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause: how important is vaginal lubricant and moisturizer composition? Climacteric. 2016 Apr;19(2):151-61.
17. Nathorst-Boos J, Hammar M. Effect on sexual life--a comparison between tibolone and a continuous estradiol-norethisterone acetate regimen. Maturitas. 1997;26(1):15-20.
18. Kokcu A, Cetinkaya MB, Yanik F, Alper T, Malatyalioglu E. The comparison of effects of tibolone and conjugated estrogen-medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy on sexual performance in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2000 Jul 31;36(1):75-80.
19. Davis S, Baber, R, Panay N et al. Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 104, Issue 10, October 2019, Pages 4660–4666, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2019-01603
20. Basson R, McInnes R, Smith MD, Hodgson G, Koppiker N. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in women with sexual dysfunction associated with female sexual arousal disorder. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2002;11(4):367-77.
21. Gao L, Yang L, Qian S, Li T, Han P, Yuan J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;133:139-45.
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Content created March 2021
